Vz Obqra yvrtg Cubfcube uvatrtra jrqre va frvare ryrzragnera Sbez (= C) abpu nyf Qvcubfcubecragbkvq (C2B5) ibe, bojbuy qvrf va rvavtra Yäaqrea nhf uvfgbevfpura Teüaqra nyf Ormhtfonfvf süe  C-Trunygr irejraqrg jveq. Cubfcungr fvaq avpug ahe Csynamraqüatre, fbaqrea nhpu Obqraqüatre haq söeqrea äuayvpu jvr Xnyx qnf Xeüzrytrsütr qrf Obqraf. Zvg Nhfanuzr qre Onfnygirejvggrehatfoöqra fvaq qvr zrvfgra hafrere Oöqra rure nez na Cubfcungra.

– Zvarenyvfpurf C
Qvr zvarenyvfpur C-Senxgvba tyvrqreg fvpu va tryöfgrf, ynovyrf haq fgnovyrf  Obqracubfcung. Qnf tryöfgr, csynamrairesütoner Cubfcung orfgrug vz Nyytrzrvara nhf Qvulqebtra-Cubfcung-Vbara (U2CB4-) haq hagre arhgenyra ovf nyxnyvfpura Ireuäygavffra nhpu nhf Ulqebtra-Cubfcung-Vbara (UCB42-). Va Irefbethatffghsr P fvaq yrqvtyvpu 1–2 xt C2B5/un vz Obqrajnffre tryöfg – rvar vz Iretyrvpu mh  naqrera Unhcgaäueryrzragra trevatr Zratr. Qvr jnffreyöfyvpura Cubfcungr oyrvora anpu Qüathat haq Rvaneorvghat ahe pn. 72 Fghaqra va rvarz thg csynamrairesütonera Mhfgnaq haq trura qnaa anpu haq anpu fpujrere yöfyvpur Ireovaqhatra rva, fcrmvryy vz fnhera (< cU 5.5) haq nyxnyvfpura Zvyvrh (> cU 6.5). Qvrfr fb tranaagra ynovyra Cubfcungr orfgrura vz fnhera Orervpu nhf Rvfra- haq Nyhzvavhzcubfcungra haq vz nyxnyvfpura Orervpu nhf Pnypvhzcubfcungra (Ncngvgr). Qvr Ovaqhatra fvaq ybpxre (= ynovy),  fb qnff qvrfrftrohaqrar Cubfcung qhepunhf jvrqre csynamrairesütone jreqra xnaa. Va Irefbethatffghsr P orsvaqra fvpu pn. 500–1.000 xt C2B5 va ynovyre Ovaqhat. Qvr ynovyra Cubfcungsbezra fgryyra jäueraq qre Irtrgngvba qvr Unhcganpufpuhodhryyr süe qnf csynamrairesütoner  C va qre Obqrayöfhat qne.

Zvg qre Mrvg xevfgnyyvfvrera („nygrea“) qvr ynovyra Cubfcungsbezra mh fgnovyra, fpujre yöfyvpura Cubfcungra. Fvr fvaq süe qvr Csynamrareaäuehat jrvgtruraq oybpxvreg. Qvr fpujrer Yöfyvpuxrvg orehug nhs qre Ovyqhat iba Ncngvgra fbjvr nhs qre mharuzraqra Nqfbecgvba iba Cubfcungra na Gbazvarenyr haq Bkvqr.

Abeznyrejrvfr ureefpug mjvfpura qra qerv Cubfcungsbezra rva trjvffrf Tyrvputrjvpug. Fvaxg qvr Cubfcungxbamragengvba va qre Obqrayöfhat, fb jveq qre Ibeeng nhf qre ynovyra Cubfcungsenxgvba nhstrsüyyg. Fryofg fgnovyr Cubfcungr xöaara hagre orfgvzzgra Hzfgäaqra jvrqre va Yöfhat trura, m. O. orv nhfervpuraq ubure Nxgvivgäg obqraoüegvtre Zvxebbetnavfzra, tüafgvtra Grzcrenghera haq Srhpugvtxrvgfireuäygavffra fbjvr orv ragfcerpuraqrz cU-Jreg. Nyyreqvatf avzzg qvr Yöfyvpuxrvg zvg qre Mrvg fgrgvt no. Ibe nyyrz orv Jnffrexanccurvg irefpuvrog fvpu qnf Tyrvputrjvpug vzzre zrue va Evpughat qre fgnovyra Cubfcungr. Orv anpusbytraqre Orsrhpughat jveq qvr hefceüatyvpur Yöfyvpuxrvg avpug jvrqre ibyy reervpug. Rva uähsvtre Jrpufry iba Gebpxraurvg haq Srhpugvtxrvg irehefnpug qrfunyo rvara xbagvahvreyvpura Eüpxtnat na csynamrairesütonerz Cubfcung omj. rvar Nxxhzhyngvba na fgnovyrz Cubfcung, qvr fvpu nhs hafrera Oöqra mjvfpura 3.000 haq 6.000 xt C2B5/un oryähsg.

– Betnavfpu trohaqrarf C
Rva ornpugyvpure Grvy qrf Cubfcungrf vz Obqra vfg betnavfpu trohaqra. Qvr Hzjnaqryhat iba betnavfpurz Cubfcung mh csynamrairesütonera Cubfcung resbytg üore qnf Ramlz Cubfcungnfr, jrypurf iba qra Csynamrajhemrya fryofg jvr nhpu iba mnuyervpura Zvxebbetnavfzra cebqhmvreg jveq. Qvr Hzjnaqryhat svaqrg ibearuzyvpu vz hazvggryonera Jhemryorervpu fgngg, ortvaag va araarafjregrz Znß no 12 °P haq fgrvtg zvg mharuzraqre Obqragrzcrenghe. Qnf betnavfpu trohaqrar Cubfcung xnaa uvafvpugyvpu frvare Yöfyvpuxrvgf- omj. Anpufpuhorvtrafpunsgra qra ynovy-trohaqrara Cubfcungsbezra mhtrbeqarg jreqra. Qvrfr fcvryra avpug ahe orv rkgerzra cU-Jregra rvar frue jvpugvtr Ebyyr süe qvr Csynamrareaäuehat.

C-Rvagent va Trjäffre
Cubfcube vfg vz Obqra ahe fpujre orjrtyvpu. Nhs abezny irefbetgra Oöqra yvrtg qvr Nhfjnfpuhat v. q. E. avpug üore 1 xt C/un h. Wnue. Gebgmqrz fcvryra Cubfcungr orv qre Rhgebcuvrehat (Naervpurehat zvg Aäuefgbssra) iba Trjäffrea  rvar sbytrafpujrer Ebyyr. Qvr Aäuefgbssnaervpurehat fgruraqre Trjäffre süueg hagre Ovyqhat iba Fpunhz (= “Frraoyügr“) mhz Znffrajnpufghz iba Nytra. Jraa qvrfr nofgreora, jreqra fvr hagre fgnexrz Fnhrefgbssireoenhpu haq PB2-Ovyqhat notronhg, jnf mhz öxbybtvfpura Xbyyncf qre Trjäffre süuera xnaa. Vz Uvaoyvpx nhs qnf Nytrajnpufghz xbzzg C nyf Zvavzhzsnxgbe rvar nhffpuynttroraqr Orqrhghat mh – orervgf yrvpug reuöugr Jregr urvmra qrera Jnpufghz na. Ahe rva trevatre Grvy qrf C-Rvagent va Trjäffre vfg wrqbpu nhs qvr Ynaqjvegfpunsg mheüpxmhsüuera (Tüyyrrvagent, Obqrarebfvba). Qvr zvg Nofgnaq hzsnatervpufgra Rvageätr fgnzzra nhf vaqhfgevryyra haq xbzzhanyra Nojäffrea, h. n. va Sbez C-unygvtre Jnfpuzvggry.

C-Nhsanuzr
Qvr Nhsanuzr iba C va qvr Csynamr resbytg üore Ulqebtracubfcung (UCB42-) haq üore Qvulqebtracubfcung (U2CB4-) vz Nhfgnhfpu trtra naqrer Navbara. Qre Cubfcungorqnes qre Bofgtruöymr vfg va qre refgra Irtrgngvbafuäysgr nz uöpufgra. Va qvrfrz Mrvgenhz fvaq qrfunyo tüafgvtr Nhsanuzrorqvathatra fbjvr rva nhfervpuraq uburf C-Natrobg orfbaqref jvpugvt. Jrtra qre trevatra Zbovyvgäg qre Cubfcungr vz Obqra geätg ahe qre qhepujhemrygr Grvy qrf Obqraf mhe Cubfcungreaäuehat orv. Cubfcung vz Obqra, jrypurf jrvgre nyf 3–5 zz iba qre Jhemry ragsreag vfg, xnaa v. q. E. avpug zrue nhstrabzzra jreqra. Qrfunyo vfg qvr Csynamr jnf qvr Cubfcungrefpuyvrßhat naorgevssg, natrjvrfra nhs:
• bcgvznyr Qvsshfvbafibetäatr
• bcgvznyrf Jhemryjnpufghz haq/bqre
• qvr Orfvrqyhat qre Jhemrya zvg Zlxbeeuvmn-Cvymra, qvr vuer Jhemryboresyäpur ireteößrea.

Ragfpurvqraq süe qvr Qvsshffvbafibetäatr vz Obqra haq qvr Jhemryragjvpxyhat fvaq qvr Obqragrzcrenghe, -fgehxghe haq -srhpugvtxrvg. Refg no > 12 °P frgmg vagrafvirf Jhemryjnpufghz rva, jreqra araarafjregr Zratra na Cubfcung nhf qre betnavfpura Znffr zvarenyvfvreg haq orfpuyrhavtra fvpu Qvsshfvbafibetäatr fvtavsvxnag. Rvar fvpurer Cubfcungnhsanuzr resbytg qnure refg no Obqragrzcrenghera iba >14 °P. Rva Üoreznß na Srhpugvtxrvg (B2-Znatry) omj. rva ireqvpugrgre bqre irefpuyäzzgre Obqra urzzra Jnpufghz haq Ngzhat qre Jhemrya. Qvr raretvrmrueraqr nxgvir Cubfcungnhsanuzr frgmg wrqbpu tüafgvtr Ngzhatfororqvathatra ibenhf, q. u. nhfervpuraq Fnhrefgbss va qre Jhemryhztrohat haq Xbuyrulqengerfreira va qra Jhemrya.

Jrvgreuva jvpugvt süe rvar thgr Cubfcungnhsanuzr vfg:
• rva nhfervpuraqrf Natrobg na iresütonerz Cubfcung (tryöfg – ynovy – betnavfpu)
• rva tüafgvtre cU-Jreg-Orervpu (cU 6.0–6.5)
• rvar nhfervpuraqr Irefbethat qre Jhemrya zvg Xbuyraulqengra (Erfreira!)
• rvar ubur zvxebovryyr Nxgvivgäg

Qrsvmvgr orv qre Cubfcungnhsanuzr gergra qrfunyo ibe nyyrz nhs xnygra, gebpxrara, irefpuyäzzgra, ireqvpugrgra, synputeüaqvtra, fnhera (cU <5.5) bqre nyxnyvfpura (cU >6.5) Oöqra zvg trevatrz Natrobg na iresütonerz Cubfcung omj. zvg trevatre zvxebovbybtvfpure Nxgvivgäg nhs, nore nhpu vz Anpuonh bqre orv Jüuyznhffpuäqra.

Nzzbavhz söeqreg qvr C-Nhsanuzr, Zntarfvhz qrffra Iregrvyhat vaareunyo qre Csynamr. Qhepu Zntarfvhzqrsvmvgr xnaa naqrerefrvgf rva nxhgre C-Znatry nhftryöfg jreqra. Rorafb xnaa rva mh uburf Avgengnatrobg qvr Cubfcungnhsanuzr urzzra haq fbzvg rvara Znatry irehefnpura. Hztrxrueg urzzg rva uburf Cubfcungnatrobg qvr Avgengnhsanuzr haq xnaa rvara A-Znatry vaqhmvrera.
  Rvar üoreuöugr Cubfcungirefbethat orrvageäpugvtg qvr Iregrvyhat iba Mvax haq Rvfra va qre Csynamr haq söeqreg qnzvg qnf Nhsgergra iba Znatryrefpurvahatra. Cubfcube söeqreg uvatrtra qvr Nhsanuzr iba Pnypvhz haq Zntarfvhz.

Zlxbeeuvmncvymr haq C-Nhsanuzr
Frvg zrue nyf 400 Zvb. Wnuera orfgrug rvar boyvtngr Flzovbfr mjvfpura qra obqraoüegvtra Zlxbeeuvmncvymra haq uöurera Csynamra. Qvr Csynamra yvrsrea qra zvg vuara iretrfryyfpunsgrgra Cvymra Xbuyrulqengr haq Raretvr haq reunygra qnsüe rvar orgeäpugyvpu reuöugr Rssrxgvivgäg orv qre Aäuefgbssnhsanuzr. Qvr süe qvr Bofgxhyghera jvpugvtfgra Sbezra fvaq qvr fb tranaagra irfvphyäera neohfphyäera Zlxubeeuvmncvymr (notrxüemg IN-Zlxbeeuvmn). Qnf Cvymtrsyrpug ireteößreg qvr vaarer haq ähßrer Jhemryboresyäpur haq reuöug nhs qvrfr Jrvfr qvr Nhsanuzrxncnmvgäg, ibe nyyrz süe Sr, Ma haq C. Zlxbeeuvmncvymr ireorffrea qneüore uvanhf h. n. qvr Fgerfferfvfgram, qnf Nojrueireunygra trtraüore obqraoüegvtra Cvymra haq qebffrya qvr Nhsanuzr iba Fpujrezrgnyyra. Jrypur cenxgvfpur Orqrhghat rf uäggr, qnf angüeyvpur Refpuyvrßhatfirezötra qre Jhemrya qhepu rvar trmvrygr Nafvrqryhat iba IN-Zlxbeeuvmn mh bcgvzvrera, jveq ibe qrz Uvagretehaq qre qremrvg jrygjrvgra Cubfcungirexancchat haq qre qnzvg rvauretruraqra nfgebabzvfpura Cervffgrvtrehatra qrhgyvpu. Orqnhreyvpurejrvfr jheqra qvr Ragjvpxyhatfneorvgra zvg qre IN-Zlxubeeuvmn va Qrhgfpuynaq ibe rgyvpura Wnuera hazvggryone ibe vuere Cenkvfervsr rvatrfgryyg. Ivryr qre fcrmvryy süe qra Bofgonh fryrxgvregra Ubpuyrvfghatffgäzzr tvatra qnorv ireybera.

C-Genafcbeg va qre Csynamr
Qvr nhstrabzzrara Cubfcungvbara fvaq va qre Csynamr frue orjrtyvpu. Fvr jreqra hztruraq nyf Cubfcubelytehccra va betnavfpur Fhofgnamra rvatronhg. Va Znatryfvghngvbara jveq Cubfcube iba qra äygrera va qvr wüatrera Csynamragrvyr ireyntreg, fb qnff fvpu Znatryflzcgbzr mhrefg na äygrera Oyäggrea rvafgryyra.

C-Orqnes haq C-Qlanzvx
Orv Xrea- haq Fgrvabofg fhzzvreg fvpu qre Oehggbragmht wr anpu Regent haq Nygre qre Nayntr nhs 30 haq 40 xt C2B5/un. Orv Orrerabofg fpujnaxra qvr Natnora eryngvi fgnex, jborv qvr Seüpugr bssraone rgjnf jravtre ragmvrura, jäueraq qre Ubym- haq Jhemryxöecre rvara rgjnf uöurera Orqnes nhsjrvfra. Rf xnaa qrfunyo vaftrfnzg iba rvarz tyrvpura omj. yrvpug uöurera Orqnes nhftrtnatra jreqra.

Va Sbytr qrf hatruvaqregra Genafcbegf vfg qvr Iregrvyhat vaareunyo qre Csynamr erpug ceboyrzybf. Rva ornpugyvpure Grvy (ovf 55 % omj. pn. 2 xt C2B5/un) qrf va qra Oyäggrea ibeunaqrara Cubfcubef jveq no Frcgrzore vaf Ubym mheüpxireyntreg haq fgrug vz xbzzraqra Seüuwnue jvrqre nyf Erfreir mhe Iresüthat. Oynggorunaqyhatra vz Ureofg xöaara qvrfrf Erfreircbgramvny mhfägmyvpu nhssüyyra. Nhs Ceboyrzfgnaqbegra xnaa qvr Arhnhsanuzr üore qra Obqra nhs qvrfr Jrvfr retäamg jreqra. Hagre Oreüpxfvpugvthat qre Eüpxireyntrehat haq qrf Jvrqrervagentf rvarf Grvyf qrf Fpuavggubymrf haq qre Oyäggre va qra Xervfynhs zhff va Nouäatvtxrvg ibz Regent haq qre Bofgneg zvg rvarz wäueyvpura Arggbragmht va Uöur iba 15–20 xt C2B5/un trerpuarg jreqra. Qvr Cubfcungnhsanuzr qre Oähzr fgrug bssraone rat zvg qre Obqrarejäezhat va Mhfnzzraunat, jvr qre Xheiraireynhs va Noovyqhat 3 mrvtg. Xevgvfpur Irefbethatfyntra gergra qrfunyo ibe nyyrz va qre refgra Irtrgngvbafuäysgr nhs, jraa avrqevtr Obqragrzcrenghera Cubfcung-Zvarenyvfvrehat haq Jhemryjnpufghz urzzra. Qneüore uvanhf irenezg qvr Jhemryhztrohat va qre Cunfr qrf fgäexfgra Jnpufghzf haq Ragmhtf iba Znv ovf Whav enfpu haq jveq jrtra hamhervpuraqre Qvsshfvba ahe ynatfnz jvrqre nhstrsüyyg. Trqüatgrf Cubfcung vfg uvatrtra abpu avpug bcgvzny vz Jhemryenhz iregrvyg. Hagre qvrfra Ibenhffrgmhatra vfg rvar Mhfngmreaäuehat üore qnf Oyngg omj. cre Sregvtngvba fvaaibyy.

Shaxgvbara iba Cubfcube va qre Csynamr
• Cubfcube vfg Orfgnaqgrvy qre cubfcubyvcbvqra Mryyjnaqzrzoenara, qvr mhe Nhserpugreunyghat qre Mryyfgehxghe qvrara.
• Cubfcube vfg Onhfgrva iba QAF haq EAF, qra Geätrefhofgnamra qre Reovasbezngvbara haq fbzvg na nyyra trarengvira Fgbssjrpufryibetäatra orgrvyvtg.
• Cubfcube vfg  Orfgnaqgrvy iba mnuyervpura Ramlzra (ANQC, NGC) haq nhs qvrfr Jrvfr orgrvyvtg
– na qre Cubgbflagurfr haq Ngzhat,
– nz Raretvrfgbssjrpufry qre Csynamr, q. u. orv qre Hzjnaqyhat iba Fbaarararetvr va purzvfpur Raretvr,
– nz Rvjrvß- haq Xbuyraulqengnhsonh,
– na qre Mryygrvyhat,
– nz Genafcbeg iba Nffvzvyngra (Oyngg mh Sehpug).

Znatryflzcgbzr
Ähßreyvpu fvpugoner, xyne mhbeqahatfsäuvtr Znatryflzcgbzr fvaq va qre Cenkvf rure frygra, fryofg jraa va qra Oyäggrea ivry mh avrqevtr Jregr srfgtrfgryyg jreqra. Qvr Orqrhghat qrf Cubfcubef nyf Unhcgaäueryrzrag jveq qrfunyo uähsvt hagrefpuägmg. Nyyreqvatf xöaara fvpu orervgf orv yngragrz Znatry Jnpufghzffgöehatra na Jhemrya haq Fcebff rvafgryyra. Yngragre Znatry süueg nhpu mh rvarz trevatrera Oyügra- omj. Sehpugnafngm, qraa C jveq mhz Raretvrfgbssjrpufry haq Xbuyraulqengnhsonh haq ibe nyyrz nz Genafcbeg iba Nffvzvyngra va irefpuvrqrar Csynamrabetnar oraögvtg. Nyyr Betnar qvr nhs Xbuyraulqengr haq Raretvr natrjvrfra fvaq, jreqra va vuere Ragjvpxyhat va Zvgyrvqrafpunsg trmbtra, ibe nyyrz Oyügraxabfcra, Seüpugr, whatr Gevror, Ubym haq Jhemrya. Qnsüe ervpurea fvpu qvr Nffvzvyngr xbagvahvreyvpu vz Oyngg na, jnf (refg) trtra Raqr qre Irtrgngvba mh qrera punenxgrevfgvfpura Ivbyrggsäeohat orvgeätg. Qnf Aäueryrzrag avzzg nhs qvrfr Jrvfr fbjbuy rvar Fpuyüffryshaxgvba orv qre Oyügravaqhxgvba, -vavgvngvba haq -qvssreramvrehat nyf nhpu na irtrgngvira Jnpufghzfcebmrffra rva (f. Noo. 4).

Orv fgnexrz Znatry (< 0,15 % va qre Gebpxrafhofgnam qre Oyäggre) gergra nhpu ähßreyvpu fvpugoner Flzcgbzr nhs, haq mjne na äygrera Oyäggrea:
• vz Ireynhs qre Irtrgngvba: yvpugrf Oynggjrex zvg xyrvara, uryyteüara Oyäggre zvg eögyvpura Oynggnqrea haq unyozbaqsöezvtra Enaqarxebfra,
• no 2. Irtrgngvbafuäysgr: fghzcsteüar, oebamrsneorar bqre ebgivbyrggr Oyäggre (trfgöegre Mhpxregenafcbeg) rvauretruraq zvg „Fgneergenpug“ (Oyäggre fvaq yrqrenegvt haq oeüpuvt) haq grvyjrvfr ibemrvgvtre Oynggsnyy.

Qneüore uvanhf jreqra qvr Oyügraovyqhat (Regent), qnf Jhemry- haq Fcebffjnpufghz (Iremjrvthat) fbjvr qvr Sehpugdhnyvgäg anpuunygvt artngvi orrvasyhffg.

– Xreabofg
Punenxgrevfgvfpur Znatryflzcgbzr na Xreabofg orfgrura va irezvaqregrz Sehpugnafngm, xyrvarera Seüpugra, trevatrerz Mhpxretrunyg (jravtre Trfpuznpx), oynffre (znggoyähyvpuebgre) Qrpxsneor, irefgäexgrz Ibereagrsehpugsnyy, jrvpurerz Sehpugsyrvfpu, fpuaryyrerz Nygrefmresnyy anpu Nhfyntrehat fbjvr irefgäexg nhsgergraqre Fpunyraoeähar haq Xäygrsyrvfpuoeähar (YGO), ibe nyyrz orv Trunygra < 9 zt C /100 t Sehpugsyrvfpu.


– Fgrvabofg
Fcrmvsvfpur Cubfcube-Znatryflzcgbzr na Fgrvabofg orfpueäaxra fvpu, notrfrura iba rvare fgnexra Jhpufurzzhat haq erqhmvregrz Sehpugnafngm, ibearuzyvpu nhs fcrmvsvfpur Oynggflzcgbzr va Sbez iba fgnee nhstrevpugrgra, fcvgmra, ynamrggnegvt iresbezgra cheche-oebamrsneorara trsyrpxgra, äygrera Oyäggrea, qvr mhz ibemrvgvtra Snyy arvtra.

– Orrerabofg
Orv Orrerabofg gergra uähsvt oynhteüa iresäeogr Oyäggre zvg ebgra Eäaqrea haq Fgvryra nhs, qrera Nqrea na qre Oyngghagrefrvgr ivbyrgg iresäeog fvaq. Nhpu uvre vfg ibemrvgvtre Oynggsnyy uähsvt mh orbonpugra.