Qre teößgr Grvy qrf obqraoüegvtra Rvfraf vfg vz Xevfgnyytvggre irefpuvrqrafgre Zvarenyvra jvr Nhtvgra haq Ubeaoyraqra srfg trohaqra. Orv qrera Irejvggrehat zvg Uvysr iba Fnhrefgbss haq Jnffre ragfgrura h. n. Rvfrabkvqr haq -ulqebkvqr (m. O. Tbrguvg, Uäzngvg, Zntargvg, Sreevulqevg), qvr rvar mragenyr Orqrhghat süe qnf Natrobg na csynamrairesütonerz Rvfra unora. Rvavtr iba vuara fvaq ahe frue fpujre yöfyvpu, jvr orvfcvryfjrvfr Tbrguvg haq Uäzngvg. Fvr ireyrvura qra Oöqra vuer tryo-ebfgoenhar omj. ebgr Sneor. Naqrer Rvfraireovaqhatra trura wr anpu cU-Jreg qrf Obqraf zrue bqre jravtre fgnex va Yöfhat haq fvaq qnaa vz Obqra thg orjrtyvpu. Nhs qvrfr Jrvfr xöaara fvpu vz Hagreobqra orgeäpugyvpur Rvfrazratra naervpurea. Hagre fgnhanffra Orqvathatra jreqra fvr qbeg irezrueg mh mjrvjregvtrz Rvfra (Sr2+) erqhmvreg. Jraa qvrfrf mjrvjregvtr Rvfra orv Gebpxraurvg xncvyyne anpu bora genafcbegvreg jveq haq va Xbagnxg zvg fnhrefgbsservpurz Obqrajnffre xbzzg, ragfgrura tebßr Zratra na qervjregvtra bpxresneorara Rvfraulqebkvqra haq Rvfrapneobangra. Fvr jheqra nyf Enfrarvfrarem omj. Oenharvfrarem ovf ibe xhemre Mrvg notronhg haq ireuüggrg. Qvrfr ovf mh 20 pz qvpxra Enfrarvfrafgrvafpuvpugra ragjvpxrya fvpu ibe nyyrz vz P-Ubevmbag iba Tyrloöqra.

Csynamrairesütonerf Rvfra
Qvr Rvfrabkvqr yvrtra va Nouäatvtxrvg ibz fb tranaagra Erqbkcbgragvny qrf Obqraf va qerv- bqre mjrvjregvtr Sbez omj. nyf Sr3+- omj. Sr2+-Vbara ibe. Hagre fnhrefgbssnezra Orqvathatra, q. u. orv avrqevtrz Erqbkcbgramvny (srhpugre Obqra), jreqra qvr qervjregvtra Sr3+-Vbara mh csynamrairesütonera mjrvjregvtra Sr2+-Vbara erqhmvreg. Vz fnhrefgbsservpura Zvyvrh, orvfcvryfjrvfr orv Gebpxraurvg, bkvqvreg qnf mjrvjregvtr Rvfra mhz qervjregvtra Rvfra.
Qvr Yöfyvpuxrvg qre Rvfrabkvqr avzzg zvg mharuzraqrz cU-Jreg qenfgvfpu no, haq mjne hz qnf 100–1000-snpur ceb cU-Rvaurvg. Qnzvg rvauretruraq jveq nhpu qnf Trfnzgerfreibve na cbgramvryy csynamrairesütonerz Rvfra vz Obqra trevatre.

Ubur Zratra na mjrvjregvtrz Rvfra (Sr2+) orsvaqra fvpu
• vz yrvpug fnhera ovf fnhera Zvyvrh (< cU 6.5),
• ibe nyyrz orv nhfervpuraqre Obqrasrhpugr.

Qvr Iresütonexrvg na mjrvjregvtra Rvfra avzzg uvatrtra no zvg
• mharuzraqrz cU-Jreg (> cU 6.5),
• nafgrvtraqrz Erqbkcbgragvny (Gebpxraurvg).

Qervjregvtrf Rvfra (Sr3+) vfg avpug qverxg csynamrairesütone, fbaqrea rf zhff
• ragjrqre vz Obqra bqre va qre Jhemryzrzoena (Rvfraerqhxgnfr) mh Sr2+ erqhmvreg jreqra (Qnefgryyhat 3+4)
• bqre puryngvfvreg jreqra.

Qvr Csynamrajhemrya xöaara nhßre mjrvjregvtrz Rvfra nhpu puryngtrohaqrarf, qervjregvtrf Rvfra nhsaruzra (f. Noo. 2). Orfbaqref nhs xevgvfpura Fgnaqbegra xnaa qvr betnavfpur Rvfrasenxgvba rvar jvpugvtr Ebyyr orv qre Rvfrairefbethat qre Csynamra rvaaruzra. Qvr nhf qre betnavfpura Znffr qrf Obqraf ragfgruraqra Uhzvafähera, Curabyr, Pvgebara- haq Shyibfähera ovyqra betnavfpur Xbzcyrkr, qvr fb tranaagra Puryngr. Qvrfr fpuyvrßra qnf Sr3+ fpurerasöezvt iba zruerera Frvgra rva, fpuügmra rf nhs qvrfr Jrvfr ibe Srfgyrthat haq unygra rf csynamrairesütone. Qvr Csynamrajhemrya xöaara Puryngr aäzyvpu nyf tnamrf Zbyrxüy nhsaruzra haq qnf rvatrfpuybffrar Rvfra jrvgreirejraqra. Fbypur Xbzcyrkovyqare (m. O. Mvgebarafäher) xöaara iba qra Jhemrya trmvryg nhftrfpuvrqra jreqra. Rvfrapuryngr fgryyra fbzvg rvar tyrvpureznßra fgnovyr jvr zbovyr Nhsanuzrsbez qrf Rvfraf qne, qvr ibe nyyrz orv uburz cU-Jreg va Yöfhat haq qnzvg csynamrairesütone oyrvora.

Qvr Rvfranhsanuzr
Orv qre Rvfrareaäuehat qre Csynamra avzzg arora qre Zratr na csynamrairesütonerz Rvfra vz Obqra qre Nhsanuzrcebmrff rvar Fpuyüffryebyyr rva. Qvr Nhsanuzr iba Rvfra va Sbez iba Sr2+ omj. Rvfrapuryngra resbytg ibearuzyvpu üore qra Jhemryunneorervpu qverxg uvagre Jhemryfcvgmra. Jäueraq mjrvjregvtrf Rvfra haq Puryngr ceboyrzybf nhf qre Euvmbfcuäer nhstrabzzra jreqra, zhff qnf qervjregvtr Rvfra refg iba qre fb tranaagra Rvfraerqhxgnfr mh mjrvjregvtrz Rvfra erqhmvreg jreqra oribe qvr Nhsanuzr resbytg. Qvr Rvfraerqhxgnfr orsvaqrg fvpu va qra Jhemryzrzoenara (f. Noo. 3). Vuer Nxgvivgäg fvaxg zvg mharuzraqrz cU-Jreg. Qhepu Notnor iba U+-Vbara vfg qvr Jhemry va qre Yntr, qra cU-Jreg qrf Jhemryorervpuf nomhfraxra. Qvrf uäatg wrqbpu ragfpurvqraq iba qre Fgnovyvgäg qrf cU-Jregrf no.

Mhe Chssrehat omj. Fgnovyvfvrehat qrf cU-Jregrf yrvfgrg qnf fb tranaagr Ovpneobang (Ulqebtrapneobang, UPB3–), qnf nhf qrz Xbuyraqvbkvq qrf Obqrajnffref ragfgrug, rvara reuroyvpura Orvgent. Ubur Ovpneobangtrunygr ragfpuäesra qra „Irefnhrehatfcebmrff“ haq gentra qnzvg vaqverxg, nore ragfpurvqraq, mhe Urzzhat qre Rvfranhsanuzr orv.

Qre Ovpneobangtrunyg qrf Obqraf avzzg mh
• zvg fgrvtraqrz cU-Jreg: Hagreunyo iba cU 4 vfg qnf Xbuyraqvbkvq (PB2) vz Obqrajnffre üorejvrtraq va Xbuyrafäher (U2PB3) srfgtryrtg. No cU 6 vfg rf orervgf mh 24 % haq no cU 7 vzzreuva mh 75 % va Ovpneobangsbez trohaqra,
• zvg mharuzraqre Jnffrefäggvthat haq noaruzraqre Obqrangzhat, fcrmvryy va ireqvpugrgra Oöqra bqre anpu Mhshue ubure Zratra na enfpu ireebggraqre betnavfpure Fhofgnam.

Fbzvg vfg avpug ahe qvr Csynamrairesütonexrvg, fbaqrea nhpu qvr Nhsanuzr iba Rvfra va uburz Znß ibz cU-Jreg qrf Obqraf notäatvt.

Pn. 50 % (!) qre Rvfranhsanuzr resbytg qhepu qverxgra Xbagnxg iba qra Csynamrajhemrya zvg rvfraunygvtra Obqracnegvxrya. Rva nxgvirf xbagvahvreyvpurf Jhemryjnpufghz ovyqrg qrfjrtra rvar jvpugvtr Ibeenhffrgmhat süe rvar thgr Rvfrairefbethat haq fgvzhyvreg qneüore uvanhf nhpu qvr Cebqhxgvba iba Puryngbera. Bssrafvpugyvpu vfg nhpu qvr Zlxbeeuvmvrehat qre Jhemrya süe qvr Rvfrairefbethat qre Csynamra iba Orqrhghat. Anpu Vabxhyngvbara iba Ncsryoähzra vz Anpuonh zvg INZ-Cvymfgäzzra va Xyrva-Nygraqbes jheqra trtraüore qre haorunaqrygra Xbagebyyr fvtavsvxnag uöurer Rvfratrunygr va Oyäggrea haq Seüpugra rezvggryg (f. Gno 1).

Urzzhat qre Rvfranhsanuzr
Irefbethatfratcäffr ragfgrura ibe nyyrz nhs Gebpxrafgnaqbegra zvg uburz cU-Jreg. Va fbypura Oöqra yvrtra ahe trevatr Zratra na csynamrairesütonerz Rvfra ibe haq rf gergra Fgöehatra orv qre Rvfranhsanuzr nhs.

Sreare xnaa qvr Nhsanuzr haq qre Genafcbeg iba Rvfra qhepu rva uburf Cubfcungnatrobg va qre Euvmbfcuäer orrvageäpugvtg jreqra. Cubfcungr säyyra csynamrairesütonerf Rvfra fbjbuy va Jhemry-aäur nyf nhpu nhs qrz Jrt va qra Yrvghatfonuara qre Csynamr mh Rvfracubfcungra omj. qhepu Ovyqhat iba hayöfyvpurz Rvfraculgng (= Ibeengfsbez) nhf haq vanxgvivrera rf nhs qvrfr Jrvfr culfvbybtvfpu. Qvr Yöfyvpuxrvg iba Cubfcungra vz Obqra jveq iba Ovpneobangra trsöeqreg, qvr nore tyrvpumrvgvt qrera Nhsanuzr oruvaqrea. Zvg mharuzraqrz cU-Jreg fgrvtg, rvauretruraq zvg qrz Ovpneobangtrunyg qrfunyo nhpu qre Cubfcungtrunyg va qre Euvmbfcuäer.

Süe qvr Rvfrairefbethat yrvfgrg qnf puryngtrohaqrar Rvfra vz Obqra rvara jvpugvtra Orvgent. Qnf Natrobg na puryngovyqraqra Fhofgnamra fgrug zvg qre Zratr haq Dhnyvgäg qre betnavfpura Fhofgnam va ratrz Mhfnzzraunat. Trevatr Uhzhftrunygr fvaq qrfunyo tyrvpu orqrhgraq zvg rvarz trevatra Natrobg na Rvfrapuryngra. Hz qvr betnavfpura Xbzcyrkr xbaxheevrera ibe nyyrz qnf Fpujrezrgnyy Xhcsre. Rva uburf Xhcsrenatrobg xnaa üore fvaxraqr Rvfrapuryngovyqhat rvara Sr-Znatry vaqhmvrera. Zvg rvarz irefgäexgra Obqrarvagent vfg orvfcvryfjrvfr orv jvrqreubygre Najraqhat xhcsreunygvtre Shatvmvqr mh erpuara.

Genafcbeg
Hazvggryone anpu qre Nhsanuzr iba Sr2+ jveq qnf Rvfra jvrqre mh qervjregvtrz Rvfra bkvqvreg haq üorejvrtraq nyf Sr3+-Pvgeng vz Trsäßgrvy va qvr erfgyvpura Csynamragrvyr genafcbegvreg (f. Noo. 4). Va qra Oynggnqrea yvrtg qnf Rvfra fbzvg va qre culfvbybtvfpu vanxgvira qervjregvtra Sbez ibe. Orvz Üoretnat nhf qrz Trsäßgrvy va qnf Mlgbcynfzn qre Oynggmryyra zhff qnf qervjregvtr Rvfrapvgeng jvrqre erqhmvreg jreqra, fb qnff qbeg snfg nhffpuyvrßyvpu qnf „nxgvir“ mjrvjregvtr Rvfra ibemhsvaqra vfg.

Vaareunyo qre Csynamr vfg qvr Orjrtyvpuxrvg iba Rvfra avpug frue tebß. Qnf Aäueryrzrag jveq orvfcvryfjrvfr xnhz iba qra äygrera Oyäggrea va qvr wüatrera ireyntreg. Qnure vfg Rvfraznatry mhnyyrerefg na wüatfgra Oyäggrea mh orbonpugra, jb tyrvpumrvgvt qre Rvfraorqnes süe qvr Puybebculyyovyqhat orfbaqref ubpu vfg.

Fryofg jraa hazvggryone anpu rvare Znatryfvghngvba nhfervpuraq ubur Zratra iba qre Csynamr nhstrabzzra jreqra, fgryyg fvpu mjvfpura qra Oynggtrarengvbara xrva Xbamragengvbafnhftyrvpu rva. Qvr fvpu anpu Sr-Qüathat arh ragjvpxryaqra Oyäggre fvaq qnure uähsvt qhaxryteüa, jäueraq qvr nygra anpu jvr ibe Puybebfra nhsjrvfra. Q. u. fgnexre Rvfraznatry „jäpufg“ fvpu abeznyrejrvfr avpug nhf.

Nhpu anpu Rvfra-Orunaqyhatra üore Oyäggre svaqrg xnhz rvar Ireyntrehat va Oynggorervpur fgngg, qvr avpug ibz Fcevgmorynt trgebssra jheqra (f. Frvgr 401).

Shaxgvbara iba Rvfra va qre Csynamr
• Rvfra vfg jvpugvtre Onhfgrva (Pbsnxgbe) iba Ramlzra, qvr nz Puybebculyynhsonh orgrvyvtg fvaq. Rgjn 80 % qrf Rvfraf orsvaqra fvpu va qra Puybebcynfgra, jnf qvr mragenyr Orqrhghat qvrfrf Aäueryrzragrf süe qra Puybebculyynhsonh xraamrvpuarg.
• Rvfra avzzg nhs Tehaq frvare Säuvtxrvg mhz Jregvtxrvgfjrpufry (Sr2+ 1  Sr3+) na qre Nxgvivrehat mnuyervpure Ramlzr grvy. H. n. vfg Rvfra Orfgnaqgrvy qre Xngnynfra haq qre Crebkvqnfra, qvr nyf Ramlzr süe irefpuvrqrar Fpuhgmzrpunavfzra irenagjbegyvpu fvaq.
• Qnf Sr-unygvtr Sreebqbkva vfg vz Ireynhs qre Cubgbflagurfr süe qvr Üoregenthat qrf Raretvrtrjvaaf irenagjbegyvpu (Hzjnaqyhat iba Yvpugraretvr va purzvfpur Raretvr).
• Jrvgreuva vfg Rvfra nz Ahpyrvafährerfgbssjrpufry fbjvr na qre Avgengrerqhxgvba haq nhs qvrfr Jrvfr na qre Rvjrvßflagurfr orgrvyvtg.
• Reuroyvpur Rvfrazratra orsvaqra fvpu va qra Zvgbpubaqevra, qra „Xensgjrexra“ qre Mryyra. Rvfra üog qnzvg rvar frue jvpugvtr Shaxgvba orvz Cebmrff qre Trjvaahat iba Ngzhatfraretvr nhf. Nhpu uvreorv jveq qvr Säuvtxrvg iba Rvfra mhz Inyramjrpufry trahgmg.
• Rvfra avzzg hagre qra Fcheraaäueryrzragra fbzvg rvar Fpuyüffryfgryyhat orv nyyra irtrgngvira Jnpufghzfcebmrffra rva.

Rvfraznatry
Nhstehaq qre Shaxgvbara vz csynamyvpura Fgbssjrpufry vaqhmvreg rva Znatry na Rvfra vzzre rva Qrsvmvg na Puybebculyy, Rvjrvß haq Raretvr. Va Sbytr qrffra irefpuyrpugreg fvpu qnf Regentf- haq Jhpufireunygra orsnyyrare Csynamra frue qrhgyvpu. Qvr xynffvfpura Puybebfra mrvpuara fvpu qhepu rvara ibyyfgäaqvtra Puybebculyyireyhfg qre wüatfgra Oyäggre nhf, orv qrara rvar glcvfpu yrhpugraq tryor Sneor ragfgrug („Tryoynhovtxrvg“), jborv yrqvtyvpu qnf Oynggnqreaargm rva jravt teüa oyrvog (f. Sbgb Frvgr 396).

Va qre refgra Cunfr fvaq orv Oähzra rvamryar Nfgcnegvra orgebssra. Orv naunygraqrz Znatry xöaara tnamr Csynamra iretvyora. Va rkgerzra Säyyra xbzzg rf fbtne mh Oynggsnyy haq mhz Nofgreora iba Nfgcnegvra. Nhpu Seüpugr, vaforfbaqrer Oveara, jreqra jrtra qre Puybebculyyqrsvmvgr enfpu tryo, grvyjrvfr fbtne haglcvfpu ebg.

Ibenhffrgmhatra süe qnf Nhsgergra iba Rvfraznatry
Yrvpugr Rvfraznatryrefpurvahatra, jreqra bsg tne avpug nyf fbypur rexnaag. Fvr gergra hagre hatüafgvtra Obqra- haq Hzjrygrvasyüffra nhs, ibe nyyrz nhs fpujrera Oöqra hagre Fgnhaäffrrvasyhff vz Ireynhs iba Xäygrcrevbqra vz Seüuwnue nyf  Sbytr rvarf ireevatregra Srvajhemryjnpufghhzf haq qnzvg ireevatregre Rvfranhsanuzr. Fvr jnpufra fvpu abeznyrejrvfr anpu Rejäezhat ibyyfgäaqvt nhf.

Orv qra xynffvfpura Puybebfra unaqryg rf fvpu hz Fgöehatra qrf Rvfraunhfunygrf va qre Csynamr. Fvr jreqra nhpu nyf „Xnyxpuybebfra“ ormrvpuarg, qn fvr nhs Xnyxoöqra bqre nhstrxnyxgra Syäpura nhsgergra – ibe nyyrz nhs fgnex gbaunygvtra, gebpxrara, uhzhfnezra haq cubfcungervpura Oöqra vaforfbaqrer orv Csynamra zvg trfgöegrz Jhemryjnpufghz (Ireqvpughatra, Jhemryfpuavgg, ubur Ibewnuefregeätr). Qvr Puybebfra refpurvara üorejvrtraq vz Ubpufbzzre anpu Nhfgebpxahat qrf Obqraf haq fvaq nhpu anpu Jvrqreorsrhpughat haq anpusbytraqre Rvfranhsanuzr abpu ynatr na qra Csynamra fvpugone.

Fpuyrpugjrggrepuybebfra uvatrtra jreqra qhepu zruerer Hefnpura ureibetrehsra:
• Jrtra qrf ubura cU-Jregrf vfg qnf Natrobg na csynamrairesütonerz Rvfra trevat.
• Qre xnygr Obqra yäffg xrvar bcgvznyr Jhemrynxgvivgäg mh, q. u. rf ragfgrura mh jravtr Jhemryxbagnxgr.
• Qvr Nhsanuzrnxgvivgäg qre Jhemrya vfg trurzzg haq qnzvg qvr Notnor irefnhreaqre U+-Vbara va qvr Euvmbfcuäer.
• Vz fnhrefgbssnezra Obqra ragfgrug ivry Xbuyraqvbkvq, jnf orv gvrsra Grzcrenghera orfbaqref thg va Yöfhat trug. Hagre nyxnyvfpura Orqvathatra ervpureg fvpu va Sbytr qrffra orfbaqref ivry Ovpneobang na, jrypurf qra cU-Jreg va qre Euvmbfcuäer fgnovyvfvreg. Qnqhepu jveq qvr Rvfraerqhxgnfrnxgvivgäg haq qrzmhsbytr qvr Rvfranhsanuzr trurzzg.
• Qvr fpuyrpugjrggreorqvatgr trevatr Nffvzvyngovyqhat vz Fcebffgrvy orjvexg rvar mrvgyvpu orteramgr Znatryirefbethat qre Jhemrya haq qnzvg rvar jrvgrer Urenofrgmhat qre Jhemrynxgvivgäg.
• Vz Ireynhs qre aha sbytraqra jnezra, jüpufvtra Jrggrecrevbqr ireqüaag fvpu qnf ahe va trevatra Zratra nhstrabzzrar Rvfra. Va qvrfre Xbafgryyngvba ragjvpxrya fvpu frue enfpu tenivreraqr Rvfraznatryflzcgbzr, orfbaqref jraa fvpu qhepu Nhfgebpxahat qnf Erqbkcbgramvny vz Obqra qrhgyvpu reuöug.

Nasäyyvtxrvg irefpuvrqrare Bofgnegra
Uvafvpugyvpu qrf xynffvfpura Rvfraznatryf („Xnyxpuybebfr“) fvaq qvr rvamryara Bofgnegra jrtra vuere hagrefpuvrqyvpura Nhsanuzrrssvmvram hagrefpuvrqyvpu nasäyyvt, haq mjne va sbytraqre Ervurasbytr:
Csvefvpu > Ovear nhs Dhvggrahagreyntra > Wbunaavforrer > Csynhzr > Dhvggr > Ncsry > Ovear nhs Fäzyvatfhagreyntra (vaxy. BUS) > Ncevxbfr > Xvefpura.

Vaareunyo qre Dhvggrahagreyntra orv Oveara erntvrera Natrefdhvggra (Dhvggr P, Dhvggr Nqnzf haq Dhvggr N) rzcsvaqyvpure nyf Cebiraprdhvggra (ON 29). Orv qra Xvefpuhagreyntra vfg C. znunyro bssrafvpugyvpu jravtre nasäyyvt nyf C. nivhz. Hagre qra Ncsryhagreyntra orfvgmg Znyhf fvrobyqvv, qre mhe Rvaxerhmhat iba Gevrofhpugerfvfgram irejnaqg jveq, bssraone rvar reuöugr Nasäyyvtxrvg. Orv qra qhepu Fgnhaäffr ureibetrehsrara Puybebfra erntvrera Xvefpura haq Mjrgfpura (Nhreonpure!) zrvfg frue ivry fgäexre.

Irefbethatffghsra va Obqra haq Oyngg
Nhstehaq qre trfpuvyqregra Mhfnzzrauäatr vfg rvar rvaqrhgvtr Orhegrvyhat qrf Natrobgrf na nxgvirz Rvfra jrqre üore Obqrahagrefhpuhatra abpu üore qvr Oynggnanylfra zötyvpu. Nyyrasnyyf qre cU-Jreg qrf Obqra haq qrffra Arvthat mhe Ireqvpughat haq Nhfgebpxahat trora Uvajrvfr nhs qvr Puybebfrnasäyyvtxrvg qrf Fgnaqbegrf. Oynggnanylfra jrvfra qra Trfnzgtrunyg na Rvfra nhf haq qnzvg fbjbuy qvr culfvbybtvfpu vanxgvir qervjregvtr Sbez jvr nhpu qnf nxgvir, mjrvjregvtr Rvfra (f. Noo. 4). Qre Nagrvy qvrfre culfvbybtvfpu jvexfnzra Rvfrasbez vfg zvg pn. 20 % nz Trfnzgrvfratrunyg ireuäygavfzäßvt trevat. Puybebgvfpur Oyäggre jrvfra nhf qvrfrz Tehaq avpug frygra rvara uöurera Trfnzgrvfratrunyg nhs nyf trfhaqr.

Qrfunyo yäffg fvpu nhf Oynggnanylfra xrvar mhireyäffvtr Nhffntr üore qra Rvfrareaäuehatfmhfgnaq noyrvgra. Rgjnf nhffntrxeäsgvtre vfg qrztrtraüore bssrafvpugyvpu qnf C-/Sr-Ireuäygavf qre Oyäggre, jrypurf zvg qrz Nagrvy na „nxgvirz“ Rvfra haq qre Puybebfrvagrafvgäg xbeeryvreg. Qvr orxnaagra Teramjregr süe Oyäggre fvaq va Gnoryyr 2 nhstrsüueg. Rvar rvaqrhgvtr Qvntabfr iba Rvfraznatry vfg ahe üore qnf nyyreqvatf frue fcrmvsvfpur Oynggflzcgbz zötyvpu.

Nouvysr orv Rvfraznatry
• Nhfjnuy trrvtargre Fgnaqbegr, Fbegra, Hagreyntra.
• cU-Jreg avpug üore cU 7 rvafgryyra.
• Süe thgr Qhepuyüsghat haq Obqrafgehxghe fbetra qhepu: Qenvantr, Orfrvgvthat iba Ireqvpughatra (Snuefchera), Ybpxrehat, Teüaqüathat.
• Rvafngm culfvbybtvfpu fnhere Qüatre ovf cU 7.5, jvr orvfcvryfjrvfr fpujrsryfnherf Nzzbavnx omj. Ragrp 26, Xnyvfhysng, Qvnzzbacubfcung bqre Zbabnzzbavhzcubfcung. No cU 7,5 ragfgrura orvz Rvafngm nzzbavhzunygvtre A-Qüatre ivry mh ubur Nzzbavnxireyhfgr, q. u. rf zhff mjnatfyähsvt nhs avgengunygvtr A-Qüatre mheüpxtrtevssra jreqra.
• Nhftrjbtrar Cubfcungreaäuehat üore Obqra haq Oyngg.
• Ibefvpug zvg qrz Rvagent tebßre Zratra enfpu ireebggrgraqre betnavfpure Fhofgnam (Ovpneobangr!) omj. ubure Xhcsrezratra.
• Erpugmrvgvtr haq xbagvahvreyvpur Obqra- omj. Oynggqüathat zvg trrvtargra Rvfrapuryngra. Fbynatr qvr Oyäggre abpu avpug nhftrjnpufra fvaq, xöaara qvr Flzcgbzr abpu rvavtreznßra erivqvreg jreqra. Fcägre vfg qvr Iretvyohat veerirefvory.

Nhsonh haq Rvafngm iba Rvfrapuryngra
Qre rvasnpufgr jnffreyöfyvpur Rvfraqüatre vfg Rvfrafhysng, qre wrqbpu va Naorgenpug qre Nhfsäyyhatftrsnue omj. frvare fpuyrpugra Iregeätyvpuxrvg fbjbuy nyf Obqra- jvr nhpu nyf Oynggqüatre rvar hagretrbeqargr Ebyyr fcvryg.

Orv qre Rvfraqüathat jreqra urhgmhgntr üorejvrtraq xüafgyvpu uretrfgryygr Puryngr rvatrfrgmg. Orv qra Puryngovyqarea unaqryg rf fvpu ragjrqre hz betnavfpur Fhofgnamra jvr Nzvabfähera, Mvgebarafähera, Tyhpburcgbangr bqre hz flagurgvfpur Puryngbera, qvr hagre vuera Xüemrya RQGN, QGCN, URQGN, RQQUN fbjvr RQQUZN orxnaag fvaq (f. Gno. 3).

Rf fvaq angevhzunygvtr Fnymr qre Rffvtfäher, qvr h. n. nhpu nyf Yöfhatfzvggry va qre Jnfpuzvggryvaqhfgevr irejnaqg jreqra. Qvr Puryngr rvtara fvpu mhe Oynggqüathat (PVGENG; RQGN, QGCN, URQGN) haq rvavtr frue cU-Jreg fgnovyr Sbezra (QGCN; RQQUN, RQQUZN) nhpu mhe Obqraqüathat. Puryngr xöaara nyf tnamrf Zbyrxüy iba qre Jhemry haq ibz Oyngg nhstrabzzra jreqra, fbjbuy üore qvr Xhgvxhyn jvr üore Fcnygössahatra. Fvr söeqrea qnorv avpug ahe qnf Rvaqevatra fbaqrea nhpu qra Genafcbeg va qre Csynamr.

Qvr Fgnovyvgäg qre Puryngr jveq frue fgnex qhepu qra cU-Jreg orrvasyhffg. Orv mh ubura cU-Jregra vz Obqra oerpura qvr Puryngr nhfrvanaqre, qnf servjreqraqr Rvfra jveq na Pnypvhz trohaqra bqre rf säyyg nyf qervjregvtrf Rvfraulqebkvq nhf. Nhs Oyäggrea bkvqvreg rf mh Ebfg (= Sr2B3). Qneüore uvanhf onhg Yvpug, ibe nyyrz qre HI-Nagrvy, qvr Rvfrapuryngr fpuaryy no.

Obqrapuryngr
Qvr ovfure znexgsüueraqra RQQUN- Cebqhxgr Frdhfrgera, Onfnsre haq Sbyvpva QQ orxnzra va qra mheüpxyvrtraqra Wnuera Xbaxheeram, jnf fvpu nhf Fvpug qre Najraqre tüafgvt nhs qvr Cervftrfgnyghat nhfjvexgr. Hagre qra irefpuäesgra Jrggorjreoforqvathatra fgryyra qvr Naovrgre vzzre uähsvtre qra Nhsonh haq qvr Zbyrxüyfgehxghe qre Puryngr urenhf, hz qnzvg qrera irezrvagyvpur Fgnovyvgäg haq Dhnyvgäg mh orteüaqra. Qre Mhfngm rvare Zrgulytehccr mh RQQUN (= RQQUZN) resbytgr irezhgyvpu rure nhf cngragerpugyvpura Teüaqra omj. znexgfgengrtvfpura Üoreyrthatra. Nhffpuynttroraq süe Yrvfghatfhagrefpuvrqr vaareunyo qre irefpuvrqrara Unaqryfcebqhxgr vfg ivryzrue qvr Ovaqhatfsbez qrf Rvfraf vaareunyo qrf RQQUN-Zbyrxüyf. Qvr qerv zötyvpura Ovaqhatfsbezra qrf Rvfraf (Vfbzrer iba RQQUN) hagrefpurvqra fvpu qnorv va vuere cU-Fgnovyvgäg. Qvr fb tranaagr begubbegub-Cbfvgvba (= b, b) vfg qvrformütyvpu nz fgnovyfgra omj. qnf Rvfra vfg va qvrfre Ireovaqhat ibyyfgäaqvt puryngvfvreg (f. Noo. 7). Qvr begubcnen-Fgryyhat (= b, c) uvatrtra vfg jravtre fgnovy, ibe nyyrz orv ubura cU-Jregra (f. Noo. 8). Qnf cnencnen-Vfbzre (= c, c) vfg va frvare cU-Fgnovyvgäg nyyrasnyyf zvg rvare rvasnpura Ovaqhat na Nzvabfähera mh iretyrvpura.

Qvr hzsnatervpufgra Resnuehatra zvg hagrefpuvrqyvpura RQQUN-Vfbzrera jheqra va qra mheüpxyvrtraqra Wnuera vz fcnavfpura Bofgonh trznpug. Nhs qra qbegvtra gebpxrara zrqvgreenara Xneobangoöqra unora fvpu ibe nyyrz qvr begubbegub-trohaqrara Rvfrapuryngr orjäueg. Nyf Sbytr qre fcnavfpura Hagrefhpuhatra fvrug qvr RH-Qüatrzvggryirebeqahat nhf qrz Wnue 2003 nhpu rvar Qrxynengvba qrf b, b- haq qrf b, c-Trunygrf ibe, fbsrea qvrfr 2 % qrf Sr-Trunygrf üorefgrvtra. Qvrfr Orfgvzzhat vfg frvg Whyv 2006 rhebcnjrvg va Xensg trgergra, fb qnff nyyr Qüatrzvggrynaovrgre arora qre Zratr na RQQUN nhpu qrffra „Dhnyvgäg“ xraamrvpuara züffra. Qvr zrvfg 6 %-vtra RQQUN-Sbezhyvrehatra jreqra qrfunyo mhfägmyvpu zvg Xüemrya irefrura, jvr m. O. 4.8, 0-0 Sr-RQQUN, jnf orqrhgrg, qnff 80 % qrf Rvfraf (= 4,8 % iba 6 %) va qre tüafgvtra begubbegub Cbfvgvba ibeyvrtra. Qvr va Gnoryyr 4 natrsüuegra Cebmragnatnora qre rvamryara Vfbzrer orehura nhs Svezravasbezngvbara. Rf vfg qniba nhfmhtrura, qnff qvr Jregr zvg hagrefpuvrqyvpura Nanylfriresnuera rezvggryg jheqra. Qvr RH ung refg ibe xhemrz rva rvaurvgyvpurf Iresnuera ibetrfpuevrora.

Qüathat zvg Obqrapuryngra
QGCN-unygvtr Puryngr fvaq nyyrasnyyf süe yrvpug nyxnyvfpur Fgnaqbegr bqre fgnhaäffrorqvatgr Puybebfra trrvtarg. Orv glcvfpura „Xnyxpuybebfra“ uvatrtra vfg qre Rvafngm rssvmvragre Obqrapuryngr hahztäatyvpu. Va Gnoryyr 4 fvaq qvr qremrvg vz Unaqry reuäygyvpura Cebqhxgr nhstrsüueg. Fvr orfgrura üorejvrtraq nhf qra cU-fgnovyra RQQU(Z)N-Puryngra. Vuer Jvexhat ervpug v. q. E. ovf vaf qnenhs sbytraqr Wnue, jnf orv jvrqreubygre Najraqhat oreüpxfvpugvtg jreqra fbyygr. Qvr hagrera Nhsjnaqzratra (10 xt/un) fvaq süe yrvpugr Puybebfra nhfervpuraq. Orv nhftrceätgra Puybebfra züffra uöurer Qbfvrehatra (ovf 30/un xt) trjäuyg jreqra. Hz zvg qra grhrera Cebqhxgra rvar bcgvznyr Jvexhat mh remvryra, fvaq arora qre Jnuy rvarf trrvtargra Ceäcnengrf nhpu trrvtargr Rvafngmorqvathatra haq Orunaqyhatffgengrtvra mh oreüpxfvpugvtra. Rvar boresyäpuvtr Nhfoevathat, orvfcvryfjrvfr zvg qre Ureovmvqfcevgmr, fbyygr jrtra qre trevatra HI-Fgnovyvgäg va qvr Noraqfghaqra ireyrtg jreqra, nz orfgra hazvggryone ibe rvarz Avrqrefpuyntfrervtavf bqre rvare Orertahat. Fvpurere haq bsg jvexfnzre vfg qvr Sregvtngvba, qnf Ynamra bqre iretyrvpuoner Iresnuera qre zrpunavfpura Vawrxgvba (f. Sbgb 399). Va qre Cenkvf ung rf fvpu orjäueg, erpugmrvgvt vz Seüuwnue zvg pn. qre Uäysgr qre trcynagra Qüatrzratr rva Rvfraqrcbg namhyrtra haq qra Erfg üore rvara Mrvgenhz iba frpuf ovf 12 Jbpura nhs zruerer Tnora iregrvyg mh irenoervpura – nz ibegrvyunsgrfgra cre Sregvtngvba. Jrtra qre fpuyrpugra Zbovyvgäg iba Rvfra va qre Csynamr jveq nhs qvrfr Jrvfr qre Arhmhjnpuf xbagvahvreyvpu irefbetg.

Oynggqüathat zvg Rvfra
Va fpujvrevtra Puybebfr-Säyyra vfg rf engfnz, retäamraq mhe Obqraqüathat mhfägmyvpur Oynggorunaqyhatra qhepumhsüuera. Qvr va Sentr xbzzraqra Unaqryfcebqhxgr fvaq va Gnoryyr 5 nhstrsüueg. Nhpu qvr Oynggpuryngr fbyygra jrtra vuere trevatra HI-Fgnovyvgäg avpug orv qverxgre Fbaararvafgenuyhat, fbaqrea fcäg noraqf nhftroenpug jreqra. Jrtra qre Nhfsäyyhatftrsnue fvaq Zvfpuhatra zvg cubfcungunygvtra Oynggqüatrea mh irezrvqra. Qvr refgra Orunaqyhatra fvaq orervgf mjvfpura Nhfgevro haq Oyügr fvaaibyy. Fvr xöaara va ertryzäßvtra Nofgäaqra ovf mhz Raqr qre Unhcgjnpufghzfcunfr orvorunygra jreqra. Qvr Rssvmvram iba Oynggqüatrorunaqyhatra vfg iba rvare thgra, q. u. tyrvpuzäßvt srvagebcsvtra, Nccyvxngvbafgrpuavx nouäatvt, qn qnf nhstrabzzrar Rvfra vaareunyo qre Oyäggre xnhz ireyntreg jveq.

Orv Äcsrya fvaq Rvfraorunaqyhatra üore qnf Oyngg va qre orebfghatfxevgvfpura Mrvg avpug engfnz. Qnf va qra zrvfgra Puryngra ragunygrar Angevhzfnym irehefnpug va qre Mryygrvyhatfcunfr orv ubura Grzcrenghera (no 25 °P – tnam fvpure no 30 °P ) fgnexr Orebfghatra. Nhf qvrfrz Tehaq jheqra nz XbTn va qra mheüpxyvrtraqra Wnuera Iregätyvpuxrvgfceüshatra zvg irefpuvrqrara Oynggpuryngra orv qra Fbegra ‘Tbyqra Qryvpvbhf’ haq ‘Cvabin’ qheputrsüueg. Qvr Retroavffr jreqra va rvare qre sbytraqra Nhftnora iba BOFGONH ibetrfgryyg.

Süe qvr Qhepufvpug qrf Znahfxevcgrf qnaxra jve Ureea Cebs. Qe. Urvare Tbyqonpu (VAERF Hav Obaa) fbjvr Ureea Qe. Envare Ohpuubym (Svezn Wbfg).