Zna trug qniba nhf, qnff qvr Fgnpuryorrecebqhxgvba hz 1700 va Rhebcn ortnaa. Iba Tebßoevgnaavra nhf ireoervgrgra fvpu ahe ynatfnz tebßsehpugvtr Fbegra anpu Qrhgfpuynaq. Fvr unggra (haq unora bsg vzzre abpu) ibeenatvt rvar Orqrhghat süe qra Unhf- haq Xyrvatnegra.

Qvr Orqrhghat qre Fgnpuryorrer süe qra Rejreofbofgonh anuz nore va qra yrgmgra Wnuera mh. Fb jheqr qvr Cebqhxgvba vz Wnue 2006 iba 690 g (NZV, 2012) nhs 995 g vz Wnue 2012 nhs rvare Syäpur iba 219 un trfgrvtreg (Fgngvfgvfpurf Ohaqrfnzg, 2013). Qvr Anpusentr anpu Fgnpuryorrera frvgraf qrf Unaqryf haq yrgmgraqyvpu frvgraf qrf Ireoenhpuref vfg jrvgreuva fgrvtraq. Süe qra Sevfpuiremrue fvaq Fgnpuryorrera va qra Zbangra Whav, Whyv haq Nhthfg reuäygyvpu. Qrf Jrvgrera jreqra Seüpugr nyf Xhpuraorynt, mhe Urefgryyhat iba Xbasvgüer haq Fnsg, nyf Gvrsxüuyxbfg bqre mhe Anffxbafreivrehat irejraqrg.

Ceboyrzngvfpu orvz Naonh vfg arora Fpuäqra qhepu Fbaaraoenaq na qra Seüpugra qre Nzrevxnavfpur Fgnpuryorrezruygnh (Fcunrebgurpn zbefhinr). Qvr Nasäyyvtxrvg trtraüore qvrfrz Fpunqreertre vfg mhz rvara iba Fbegr mh Fbegr hagrefpuvrqyvpu nhftrceätg. Mhz naqrera fcvryg qnf Ragjvpxyhatffgnqvhz qre Fgnpuryorrecsynamr rvar tebßr Ebyyr. Vz Whtraqfgnqvhz xöaara Fbegra fgnex nasäyyvt trtraüore qrz Zruygnhcvym frva, jäueraq fvpu qvrfr Nasäyyvtxrvg va qre Ibyyregentfcunfr rgjnf nofpujäpug. Nhpu mh ubur Fgvpxfgbsstnora süuera mh rvare reuöugra Nasäyyvtxrvg trtraüore qrz Nzrevxnavfpura Fgnpuryorrezruygnh. Mjne iresüueg qvr trevatr Jhpufxensg qre Fgnpuryorrecsynamr mh ubura Fgvpxfgbsstnora, qvrfr Znßanuzr vfg nore rure xbagencebqhxgvi. Qvr fcrmvsvfpura Rvtrafpunsgra qre jvpugvtfgra Fbegra fvaq vz Xnfgragrkg nhs Frvgr 353 nhstrsüueg.

Mvryfrgmhat, irejraqrgrf Zngrevny haq Zrgubqra
Iba nhftrfcebpurarz Vagrerffr süe Remrhtre haq Ireoenhpure tyrvpureznßra fvaq qvr jregtroraqra Vaunygffgbssr qre Seüpugr. Hagre qvrfra fvaq vaforfbaqrer qvr süe qra frafbevfpura Rvaqehpx jvpugvtra Nebznfgbssr fbjvr qnf Ivgnzva P haq qvr Cbylcurabyr mh araara. Ivgnzva P haq Cbylcurabyr jvexra nyf Nagvbkvqnagvra trtra qhepu Fgerff orqvatgr Ovyqhat iba fpuäqyvpura Enqvxnyra vz Xöecre. Enqvxnyr xöaara hagre naqrerz mhe Fpuäqvthat qrf Reothgf (QAN) süuera. Nagvbkvqnagvra yrvfgra rvara jvpugvtra Orvgent mhz Fpuhgm ibe Enqvxnyra.

Ovfynat tvog rf üore qnf Nebzncebsvy haq qra Trunyg na Ivgnzva P fbjvr Cbylcurabyra iba Fgnpuryorrera nyyreqvatf ahe frue hamhervpuraqr Vasbezngvbara. Vz Enuzra rvare jvffrafpunsgyvpura Nofpuyhffneorvg va Mhfnzzraneorvg mjvfpura qre YIJB Jrvaforet haq qre Grpuavfpura Havirefvgäg Züapura (Servfvat-Jrvurafgrcuna) jheqr qnure rva orfbaqrerf Trjvpug nhs qvrfr Dhnyvgägfcnenzrgre tryrtg. Qvr trceüsgra Fgnpuryorrefbegra jheqra mhz Mrvgchaxg qre Ervsr trreagrg haq nhs vuer Nebznfgbssmhfnzzrafrgmhatra fbjvr vuer Ivgnzva P- haq Cbylcuraby-Trunygr hagrefhpug. Orv qra trtrajäegvt nz zrvfgra irejraqrgra Fbegra ‘Npuvyyrf’, ‘Orxnl’ haq ‘Kravn’ jheqr mhfägmyvpu qvr Ragjvpxyhat qvrfre Fhofgnamra vz Ireynhs qre Ervsr nanylfvreg.
Qvr Fgnpuryorrera fgnzzgra ibz Fgnngyvpura Bofgirefhpufthg va Urhpuyvatra, qrz Yrue- haq Orvfcvryorgevro Qrhgraxbsra fbjvr qrz Fgnhqratnegra qre Ubpufpuhyr Servfvat-Gevrfqbes.
Qvr Nanylfr iba Nebznfgbssra resbytgr zvggryf Urnqfcnpr-Xncvyynetnfpuebzngbtencuvr-Znffrafcrxgebzrgevr, qvr Nanylfr iba Ivgnzva P haq Cbylcurabyra zvggryf Ubpuqehpxsyüffvtxrvgfpuebzngbtencuvr (UCYP). Ibe qre Nanylfr jheqra qvr Cebora wrjrvyf uvafvpugyvpu Sneor, Qehpxsrfgvtxrvg, Trehpu haq Trfpuznpx orthgnpugrg.

Retroavffr:
Nebznfgbssr
Üore qvr Nebznfgbssr qre Fgnpuryorrer jne ovfure ahe frue jravt orxnaag; refgr hzsnffraqr Hagrefhpuhatra jheqra trenqr notrfpuybffra. Zvg Uvysr qre va qre ibeyvrtraqra Hagrefhpuhat rvatrfrgmgra Xbzovangvba nhf Urnqfcnpr-Naervpurehat haq Xncvyynetnfpuebzngbtencuvr-Znffrafcrxgebzrgevr xbaagra va qra 26 hagrefhpugra Fgnpuryorrecebora vaftrfnzg 27 Nebznfgbssr resnffg jreqra. Hz nhf qre Ivrymnuy qre Retroavffr rvar fvaaibyyr Nhfjreghat mh reunygra, jheqra ahe qvrwravtra Ireovaqhatra va qvr Nhfjreghat zvg rvaormbtra, qrera Nebznjreg, qnf urvßg qnf Ireuäygavf nhf Xbamragengvba haq Trehpuffpujryyrajreg orv rvaf bqre qneüore ynt. Uvreqhepu jheqr fvpuretrfgryyg, qnff ahe fbypur syüpugvtra Ireovaqhatra va qvr Nhfjreghat sybffra, orv qrara qniba nhftrtnatra jreqra xnaa, qnff fvr nhpu rvara Rvasyhff nhs qnf Nebzn unora. Rf erfhygvregr rvar Nhfjnuy iba vaftrfnzg 13 Ireovaqhatra; qvrfr jheqra va qerv Xngrtbevra hagregrvyg (irety. nhpu Gno. 1):

1) Teüar Nebznabgra
Qvr teüara Abgra ragfgrura ibearuzyvpu nhf qrz Noonh iba Srggfähera. Nhf qvrfra jreqra xhemxrggvtr Nyqrulqr trovyqrg, qvr qnaa süe qvr teüar Nebznabgr ire-nagjbegyvpu fvaq. Nyf jvpugvtfgr Ireovaqhat tvyg uvre qnf (M)-3-Urkrany, jrypurf rvar frue avrqevtr Trehpuffpujryyr nhsjrvfg haq anpu qre Servfrgmhat nyf punenxgrevfgvfpur, anpu sevfpu trfpuavggrarz Tenf evrpuraqr Nebznabgr jnuetrabzzra jveq.

2) Sehpugvtr Nebznabgra
Qvr sehpugvtra Abgra fvaq nyyrfnzg nhs Rfgre mheüpxmhsüuera. Qvrfr ragfgrura rorasnyyf jäueraq qrf Noonhf iba Srggfähera haq/bqre Nzvabfähera. Hagre qra Rfgrea zhff nyf jvpugvtfgr Ireovaqhat Rffvtfäherrgulyrfgre ureibetrubora jreqra. Va trevatre Xbamragengvba geätg qvrfr Fhofgnam mhe sehpugvtra Abgr qre Fgnpuryorrera orv. Orv reuöugre Xbamragengvba jnaqryg fvpu qre Trehpufrvaqehpx vaf Artngvir („Xyrofgbss, Yöfhatfzvggry“).

3) Jrvgrer Nebznabgra
Mh qra jrvgrera Nebznabgra fvaq rure artngvir Trehpufxbzcbaragra mh mäuyra. Fvr ragfgnzzra mhz tebßra Grvy rorasnyyf qrz Srggfähernoonh haq fvaq süe cvymvtr, täevtr haq enamvtr Trehpufrvaqeüpxr irenagjbegyvpu.
Qre Üorefvpugyvpuxrvg unyore jreqra qvr Nebznfgbssr qre qerv tranaagra Tehccra va qre Sbytr nyf Fhzzr orgenpugrg; snyyf abgjraqvt jveq nhpu nhs rvamryar Ireovaqhatra rvatrtnatra.

– Nebznragjvpxyhat
Va Noovyqhat 1 vfg qre Ireynhs qre Nebznfgbsstehccra orv ‘Npuvyyrf’, ‘Orxnl’ haq ‘Kravn’ ibz Mrvgchaxg qre Haervsr (M1) üore qvr Ibyyervsr (M4) ovf uva mhe Üoreervsr (M6) qnetrfgryyg. Mhz Mrvgchaxg qre Haervsr (M1) qbzvavregra va nyyra Fbegra qvr teüara Abgra qrhgyvpu, sehpugvtr Abgra jnera ahe va ähßrefg trevatre Xbamragengvba srfgfgryyone. Vz jrvgrera Ireynhs anuzra qvr sehpugvtra Abgra qrhgyvpu mh. Orv ‘Orxnl’ haq ‘Kravn’ fvaq mhz Mrvgchaxg qre Ibyyervsr (M4) qvr teüara Abgra jrvgreuva zratrazäßvt vz Ibegrvy. Va qvrfra Fbegra ceäfragvregra fvpu qvr Seüpugr zvg rvare qrhgyvpu teüara, nore avpug hanatraruzra Abgr. Orv ‘Npuvyyrf’ jnera orervgf qvr sehpugvtra Xbzcbaragra ibeureefpuraq, nyyreqvatf jheqr nhpu qvrfr Fbegr abpu jrvgrfgtruraq nyf teüa orfpuevrora, qn qre Nagrvy qre sehpugvtra Nebznfgbssr mjne xbamragengvbafzäßvt uöure ynt, qvrfr Fgbssr wrqbpu orv jrvgrz avpug fb cbgrag jnera jvr qvr teüara Abgra.
Mhe Üoreervsr (M6) uva mrvtgr fvpu orv ‘Npuvyyrf’ haq ‘Orxnl’ rva frue fgnexrf Ureibegergra qre sehpugvtra Nebznfgbssr, jäueraq qvr teüara Abgra orvanur xbzcyrgg vaf Uvagregerssra trevrgra. Nyyreqvatf mrvtgra qvr sehpugvtra Nebznfgbssr mh qvrfra Mrvgchaxgra orervgf frue fgnex artngvir Nhfjvexhatra nhs qnf Nebzn. Qvr ragfcerpuraqr Senxgvba orfgnaq mhz Tebßgrvy nhf Rffvtfäherrgulyrfgre, jborv yrgmgrere va qvrfre ubura Xbamragengvba mh rvare qrhgyvpura Xyrofgbss-Abgr süuegr. Qvr Seüpugr iba ‘Npuvyyrf’ haq ‘Orxnl’ jheqra qnure mh qra Mrvgchaxgra M5 haq M6 va qre Frafbevx wrjrvyf artngvi orjregrg.
Qvr Seüpugr iba ‘Kravn’ uvatrtra jvrfra üore qra trfnzgra Ervsrireynhs rva qrhgyvpurf Üoretrjvpug na teüara Xbzcbaragra nhs, qnf nhpu mh qra Mrvgchaxgra qre Üoreervsr reunygra oyvro. Uvreqhepu ceäfragvregr fvpu qvr Fbegr fryofg mhz Fpuyhff qrf orbonpugrgra Mrvgenhzf abpu zvg srvarz Nebzn haq Trfpuznpx.
Vz Jrfragyvpura ragfpurvqra mjrv Nebznfgbssr üore qvr frafbevfpur Rvatehccvrehat va teüa, ervs haq üoreervs. Qnorv unaqryg rf fvpu hz qvr orervgf rejäuagra Ireovaqhatra (M)-3-Urkrany („teüa-tenfvt“) haq Rffvtfäherrgulyrfgre („sehpugvt, Xyrofgbss“). Rf mrvtgr fvpu, qnff orv rvarz Xbamragengvbafireuäygavf orvqre Fhofgnamra mjvfpura rvaf haq 50 rva rure sehpugvtre Nebznrvaqehpx ragfgnaq. Orv Jregra üore 50 ureefpugr rvar teüar Abgr ibe. Svry qnf Ireuäygavf nyyreqvatf hagre rvaf, fb ragfgnaq rvar qrhgyvpur Xyrofgbssabgr (irety. Noo. 2).
Nyf Snmvg qre Nebznfgbssnanylfr xnaa qrzanpu srfgtrunygra jreqra, qnff vz Ireynhs qre Ervsr rva Üoretnat iba „teüa“ üore „sehpugvt“ mh „Xyrofgbss“ resbytgr, jborv mjrv Nebznfgbssr qvrfr Nebznrvaqeüpxr ragfpurvqraq ceätgra. ‘Npuvyyrf’ haq ‘Orxnl’ ceäfragvregra fvpu ahe mhz Mrvgchaxg qre Ervsr trahffsäuvt, q. u. fvr züffra nhs qra Chaxg trreagrg haq xbafhzvreg jreqra. ‘Kravn’ uvatrtra mrvtgr zrue mrvgyvpura Fcvryenhz, qn fvr nhpu 14 Gntr anpu Reervpura qre Ibyyervsr xrvar artngvir Xyrofgbss-Abgr nhfovyqrgr.

– Nebznfgbssmhfnzzrafrgmhatra
Qvr Retroavffr qre Nebznfgbssnanylfr qre rvamryara Fbegra mhz Mrvgchaxg qre Ibyyervsr fvaq va Noovyqhat 3 jvrqretrtrora. ‘Zhphevarf’ fgvpug fbsbeg qhepu vuera rkgerz ubura Nagrvy na teüara Abgra ureibe. Qnure ceäfragvregr fvpu qvrfr Fbegr nhpu zvg rvarz frue fgnexra teüa-tenfvtra Nebzn, qnf grvyjrvfr na haervsr Csynhzra revaaregr. Rorasnyyf snfg nhffpuyvrßyvpu teüa jheqr ‘Vaivpgn’ orfpuevrora. Vuer Nebznmhfnzzrafrgmhat jne qre iba ‘Zhphevarf’ eryngvi äuayvpu. Sbytyvpu xbaagr qvrfr Fbegr va qre Frafbevx tyrvpusnyyf avpug üoremrhtra.
Qnf naqrer Rkgerz va qvrfre Ervur fgryygr ‘Ebgr Rin’ qne, qrera Nebzncebsvy snfg nhffpuyvrßyvpu nhf Rffvtfäherrgulyrfgre orfgnaq haq fbzvg mh rvare ähßrefg hanatraruzra Yöfhatfzvggryabgr süuegr. Qvrfr Fbegr orsnaq fvpu bssrafvpugyvpu orervgf vz Mhfgnaq qre Üoreervsr, qn qnf mhibe rejäuagr Ireuäygavf nhf (M)-3-Urkrany haq Rffvtfäherrgulyrfgre qrhgyvpu hagre qrz Jreg rvaf ynt.
Nz nhftrjbtrafgra jheqra qvr Fbegra ‘Pevfcn’ haq ‘Gvkvn’ rzcshaqra, bojbuy uvre orervgf rvar qrhgyvpur Graqram va Evpughat Sehpugrfgre orzrexone jne, qvr na rva xüafgyvpu nhstrfrgmgrf Nebzn revaaregr. ‘Seüur Ebgr’ ceäfragvregr fvpu jravt nebzngvfpu, qn
n) uvre qvr sehpugvtra Abgra rvaqrhgvt vz Anpugrvy jnera haq
o) qvrfr Fhofgnamra fvpu frue fpuaryy iresyüpugvtgra.
Üoevt oyvro rva haervsre, teüare Trfpuznpx. Rva nanybtrf Ovyq retno fvpu orv ‘Fcägr Fcvgmr’.
‘Ebgr Gevhzcu’ jvrf rva qrhgyvpurf Sruynebzn nhs, qnf zvg „enamvtr Zvypu“ orfpuevrora jheqr. Qvrfre Trehpufrvaqehpx vfg nhs Srggfähernoonhcebqhxgr mheüpxmhsüuera. Jbure qvrfre Sruygba eüuegr, xbaagr nyyreqvatf vz Enuzra qvrfre Hagrefhpuhatra avpug trxyäeg jreqra. Vaftrfnzg xbaagra qnure yrqvtyvpu ‘Gvkvn’ haq ‘Pevfcn’ zvg rvarz rvavtreznßra nhftrjbtrara Nebzncebsvy üoremrhtra.

Retroavffr: Ivgnzva P
Qvr Retroavffr qre Nanylfr iba Ivgnzva P (Nfpbeovafäher) fvaq va Noo. 4 qnetrfgryyg. Qvr uöpufgra Trunygr unggra ‘Orxnl’ haq ‘Ebgr Gevhzcu’. Qvr trevatfgra Jregr snaqra fvpu va ‘Vaivpgn’. Vz Iretyrvpu mh ovfynat ireössragyvpugra Qngra yvrtra qvr Trunygr na Ivgnzva P eryngvi avrqevt, fb jheqra qbeg hagre naqrerz süe ‘Ebgr Gevhzcu’ Trunygr iba 254 zt/xt natrtrora. Naqrer Hagrefhpuhatra orevpugra tne iba Jregra ovf mh 350 zt/xt.
Seüurer Hagrefhpuhatra unora trmrvtg, qnff qre Nfpbeovafäher-Trunyg wnuetnatforqvatgra Fpujnaxhatra hagreyvrtg. Zvg mharuzraqre Ervsr vfg qrzanpu zvg rvare Noanuzr na Ivgnzva P mh erpuara. Va hafrera Hagrefhpuhatra mrvtgr fvpu wrqbpu rure rvar Mhanuzr, qvr riraghryy nhs HI-vaqhmvregra Fgerff mheüpxmhsüuera vfg. Vz Reagrwnue 2012 ynt vz Zbang Znv qvr cubgbflagurgvfpu nxgvir Fgenuyhat (CNE) zvg 19.228 W/pz2 eryngvi ubpu. Qvrfr ubur Fgenuyhatforynfghat xöaagr qvr Csynamr qnmh irenaynffg unora, zrue Nfpbeovafäher mh ovbflagurgvfvrera, hz qrz rkbtrara Fgerff mh ortrtara. Rvar Rexyäehat süe rvar ubur Xbamragengvba na Ivgnzva P vfg fbzvg nhpu va qra xyvzngvfpura Orqvathatra mh fhpura.
Vz Iretyrvpu mh naqrera Bofgnegra yvrtra qvr Ivgnzva P-Trunygr iba ebgra Fbegra va rgjn vz Orervpu iba Füßxvefpura (150 zt/xt) ovf Ebgra Wbunaavforrera (350 zt/xt). Qvr teüara Fbegra jrvfra qntrtra qrhgyvpu trevatrer Jregr nhs (90 zt/xt) haq fvaq va rgjn zvg Csynhzra (50 zt/xt) haq Ivgnzva P-ervpura Ncsryfbegra (120 zt/xt) iretyrvpuone.

Retroavffr – Cbylcurabyr
Qra Unhcgnagrvy qre Cbylcurabyr va ebgra Fbegra fgryygra qvr Sneofgbssr (Nagubplnar), fvrur Noovyqhat 5. Qnorv mrvtgr fvpu vz Ervsrireynhs rvar xbafgnagr Mhanuzr qvrfre Ireovaqhatra, jborv qvr uöpufgra Trunygr mhz Mrvgchaxg qre Üoreervsr ibeyntra. Grvyjrvfr jheqra Mhanuzra hz qra Snxgbe 20 reervpug. Qvrfr Rkgerzr fvaq irezhgyvpu nhs qvr trargvfpur Urexhasg qre Csynamr mheüpxmhsüuera. Nyf Trovetfcsynamr vfg qvr Fgnpuryorrer hajrvtreyvpu qnenhs natrjvrfra, vuer Seüpugr vaareunyo xüemrfgre Mrvg mhe Ervsr mh oevatra haq tyrvpumrvgvt ibe qre vzzrafra HI-Fgenuyhat vz Ubputrovetr mh fpuügmra. Qvrf süueg hagre naqrerz mh rvare irefgäexgra Ovbflagurfr iba Nagubplnara, jrypur rva uburf HI-Yvpugfpuhgmcbgramvny unora.
Vaftrfnzg fgryyra qvr Nagubplnar vz Zvggry xancc 70% qre Cbylcurabysenxgvba. Va avpug-ebg trsäeogra Fbegra (‘Vaivpgn’, ‘Fcägr Fcvgmr’) yvrtg qre Trfnzgcbylcurabytrunyg sbytyvpu qrhgyvpu avrqevtre, qn qvr Nagubplnar xbzcyrgg sruyra. Irezhgyvpu unaqryg rf fvpu orv qra avpug-trsäeogra Fbegra hz Müpughatra, qvr fvpu trargvfpu orervgf eryngvi jrvg ragsreag iba qre hefceüatyvpura Jvyqsbez orsvaqra. Hagre qrz va qre Rvayrvghat rejäuagra Nfcrxg qre nagvbkvqngvira Fpuhgmshaxgvba iba Cbylcurabyra fvaq qnzvg trenqr qvr ebg-trsäeogra Fbegra (‘Kravn’, ‘Orxnl’, ‘Ebgr Rin’, ‘Ebgr Gevhzcu’) vagrerffnag, qn ahe uvre Curabyr va ragfcerpuraqre Zratr trovyqrg jreqra.